Is Russia a militocracy? Conceptual issues and extant findings regarding elite militarization

The dominant paradigm for understanding contemporary Russia holds that Vladimir Putin's tenure in office has been accompanied by a massive influx of former KGB and military personnel – so-called “siloviki” – into positions of power and authority throughout the polity and economy. Claims of extensive elite militarization, however, are largely based on the analyses of only one research program and, moreover, the validity of the estimates produced by that research program is open to question on numerous grounds. In this article, we review existing research on elite militarization in Russia; discuss a series of conceptual and empirical issues that need to be resolved if valid and meaningful estimation of military–security representation is to be achieved; introduce new findings; and evaluate the totality of existing evidence regarding whether the Russian state under Putin deserves to be labeled a militocracy. We find that the most straightforward reading of existing data indicates that the percentage of siloviki in the political elite during Putin's first two terms as president was approximately half of that which has been widely reported in both scholarship and the media, and also declined during the Medvedev presidency. In addition, our analysis of a broader cross section of the elite estimates military–security representation during the Putin presidency to have been lower still. Overall, existing data paint a less alarming picture of the depths to which siloviki have penetrated the corridors of power since 2000 than has been commonly portrayed and thereby cast doubt on Russia's status as an “FSB state.” On the other hand, past trends also provide some basis for expecting that the numbers of siloviki will once again rise during Putin's current presidential term.     

一贯与有无——从耿定向儒佛之辨谈起

耿定向从两方面展开儒佛之辨,一、批判佛学自了全归说,提倡儒家费隐一贯说,认为只有本诸吾心而推极天下,才是真正经世出世。只有一生用功,无渗漏处才是儒家全归。二、定向超越佛家空相,认为从有入无是初机了见,从无入有才可以经纶大本,化育天下。从根心不容已处证入,在心体尽头处忘知无意,才可以本诸天则,从心所欲不逾矩,才是直指中源,体用合一。     

论澳门博彩业管制中的政府“暂时介入”简

澳门《娱乐场幸运博彩经营法律制度》第44条规定了三种特殊情境下政府得暂时介入博彩企业之经营,该条款十余载间却始终遭受政府弃用.公共政策的肇因固然可解释缘何第44条难以完成从“纸面中的法”向“行动中的法”的嬗变,但分析表明,条款自身的粗陋与模糊亦是澳门政府“弃法不用”的直接原因.基于性质归属,暂时介入是行政即时强制之一种,其蕴藏弱规制与强规制手段的双重品性.依此,文章以法治政府建设的二维要素——“合法性”与“最佳性”为分析工具,对暂时介入的启动时机、启动条件、介入主体、介入程序等进行了缜密设计,希冀能为暂时介入条款的完善提供修改路径与方向.     

王书金案件证据分析

王书金案件中，控辩双方对花衬衣的来源、尸体检验报告的准确性和王书金供述的真实性存在争议。根据分析，作为物证的花衬衣未经过鉴真规则的检验；从法医学的角度考察，尸体检验报告中的结论没有充分证据的支持；王书金的供述处于真伪不明的状态。从证明模式的角度分析，王书金案件现有证据无法得出确定结论，但是该案中的证据能够对聂树斌案件的判决结论带来合理怀疑。     

司法救助及其中国模式——以《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见（试行）》展开

司法救助的前身是刑事被害人救助,后者与各国刑事被害人补偿具有同一性,而前者在吸收被害人救助内涵后,不再属于民事诉讼费用制度中的特定概念。社会矛盾激化、纠纷解决的司法化以及普遍存在的执行难现象,是司法救助取代刑事被害人救助的内在原因。我国司法救助以功利主义作为正当化根基,倡导保护生活模式,大幅扩张救助对象范围,实现救助决定权的多元分享,从而具有了鲜明的中国特点。明确国家在司法救助中的清偿代位人角色,多元化地理解司法救助的正当性根据,确定被救助人权利主体的地位,同时合理地对救助对象加以类型化,是我国司法救助制度完善的可行方案。     

政府在信访工作中践行法治思维的探讨

信访工作中既要防止消极的拒民思维，又要防止过度的迁就思维，因为二者均为“人治”的思维方式。本文认为，信访工作中的法治思维是指：政府要从消极被动的守法者转变为积极主动的用法者；对于信访者的诉求要坚持法律的底线：政府要有作为诉讼主体进行依法维权的思维。政府在信访工作中践行法治思维的条件是：领导重视、经济发展、严格执行考核机制、信访干部职业化。此外。政府信访工作中践行法治思维还应处理好与治理思维的关系。     

网络舆情语境下提升民主党派基层组织参政议政能力的路径思考

当前,网络舆情在给我国民主党派基层组织参政议政带来机遇的同时,其突发性、偏差性、繁杂性等特性对民主党派基层组织的应急能力、政治智慧、实战水平等方面提出了严骏挑战,这就要求各民主党派基层组织应当勇于抓住网络舆情对参政议政带来的良好机遇,努力适应当前网络舆情发展的新形势,积极借助网络平台,时刻关注舆情讯息,充分汲取网络民意,深入开展网络调查与监督,着力提升参政议政能力。     

强制医疗程序司法运作中的问题与完善——以检察监督权的有效行使为视角

我国精神病人的强制医疗程序性质上属于刑事司法程序,兼具治疗精神病和防卫社会的目的,奉行入院中心主义。强制医疗在司法运作中仍存在启动程序不规范、适用标准不明确、检察监督不到位、配套机制不健全等问题。检察院应履行法律监督职能,加强对强制医疗启动程序、审查程序和审查标准、执行程序的监督,实现强制医疗公正、效率、安全和人道的制度价值。     

An evaluation platform for forensic memory acquisition software

Memory forensics has gradually moved into the focus of researchers and practitioners alike in recent years. With an increasing effort to extract valuable information from a snapshot of a computer's RAM, the necessity to properly assess the respective solutions rises as well. In this paper, we present an evaluation platform for forensic memory acquisition software. The platform is capable of measuring distinct factors that determine the quality of a generated memory image, specifically its correctness, atomicity, and integrity. Tests are performed for three popular open source applications, win32dd, WinPMEM, and mdd, as well as for different memory sizes.     

中国古代的律文解释与近代的刑法法条解释之比较——以《唐律疏议》与《中华民国新刑法判解汇编》为例

以《唐律疏议》与《中华民国新刑法判解汇编》为例,对中国古代的律文解释与近代刑法法条解释的比较以后可以发现,它们有相似之处,具体表现为:刑法原则、罪名和刑罚等的解释十分相似。同时,在解释主体、解释结构和解释效力等方面存在相异之处。这些相似、相异之处还有自己形成的原因。形成相似之处的原因主要有两个,即相似的解释宗旨、解释技术。形成相异之处的原因也主要有两个,即相异的历史时期、相异的法制。经过这一比较还可以得出这样的结论:它们的这种解释都源于中国古代的经学。从中亦可见,中国古代经学影响之深远。